The Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid Serums and How to Use Them

Unless you've been living under a rock, you've heard of hyaluronic acid. This molecule is one of the most popular skincare ingredients on the market and is touted for its incredible hydrating properties and benefits. With that said, we're all too aware that just because an ingredient or product gets hype doesn't necessarily mean that it's merited. In most cases, context is needed.

For example, the type of formula matters. Are you getting hyaluronic acid through a serum or a moisturizer? Does it do anything if it's in a wash-off cleanser? And believe it or not, but hyaluronic acid isn't an umbrella term for all the different molecules sizes—different sizes actually have varying penetrative abilities, making them more or less able to reach deeper layers of the skin.

To weed through all the information and confusion, we tapped four skincare experts. Below, the outline the benefits, potential side effects, properties, how to use it for the best results, and compare it to sodium hyaluronate. Keep reading to find out whether or not hyaluronic acid actually deserves a permanent spot in your skincare rotation.

What Is Hyaluronic Acid?

Hyaluronic acid is a molecule naturally found in your skin and the connective tissue in your body. “Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the human body,” explains Kerry Benjamin, esthetician and the founder of Stacked Skincare. “It acts as a cushioning and lubrication agent for our joints, nerves, hair, skin, and eyes.”

According to board-certified dermatologist Ava Shamban, MD, founder of SKIN FIVE by AVA MD and the AVA MD full-service dermatology centers, hyaluronic acid's main uses and benefits are keeping skin moist and lubricated. "It is a superstar at alleviating dry skin," she says. "Hyaluronic acid is a moisture binder, which means that it will attach itself to the water in the cells making them 'plump.'"

Cosmetic chemist and the owner of product development firm Grace Kingdom Beauty Ginger King concurs, adding that the ingredient is strikingly powerful and works as an incredible moisturizer. "Hyaluronic acid can draw moisture from the air and keep your skin moist, holding almost 1000 times its weight in water," she says. "So, not only [is it] a moisturizer—it [also] has the ability to hold extra moisture."

You can even take hyaluronic acid as a supplement, but we recommend consulting a doctor before you do so. Normally, it's most popularly used as a topical treatment like a gel lotion or a serum, like the L'Oréal Paris Revitalift 1.5% Pure Hyaluronic Acid Serum, but it's also used for filler injections. 

Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid

• Retains moisture: Hyaluronic acid helps replenish and hold cell moisture, leading to hydrated, plump skin.
• Reduces the appearance of wrinkles: Since dehydrated skin is one of the main causes of wrinkles, hyaluronic acid replenishes lost moisture and helps reduce the appearance of any fine lines.
• Safe option for filler: Since hyaluronic acid's composition is so closely related to substances in our bodies, it works well as a filler that doesn't cause major irritation. It can also add volume to areas like the lips and cheeks, which naturally lose volume over time.
• Fast absorbing: Unlike some skincare products, hyaluronic acid quickly absorbs into the skin, meaning you lose less product.
• Non-irritating: For the most part, hyaluronic acid is non-irritating and safe for use with all skin types.
• Short-term Injectable: When used as a filler, hyaluronic acid lasts for around a year. It dissolves naturally, meaning you don't have to go in to have the filler removed by a doctor.
• Multiple forms of use: Since you can use hyaluronic acid topically, have it injected, or take it as a supplement, there are plenty of options for how and when you use it.
• Available over-the-counter: Unlike some super skincare ingredients, hyaluronic acid products are available in most beauty and drugstores.

The reason the beauty industry loves HA so much lies in its seemingly magical ability to retain moisture. Studies have proven that hyaluronic acid is amazingly good at bonding with water molecules. Lack of moisture is one of the main culprits of aging skin, which is why this ingredient is a must-have when it comes to repairing your skin’s moisture barrier.

Hyaluronic Acid vs. Sodium Hyaluronate

Hyaluronic acid has a counterpart named sodium hyaluronate. “Sodium hyaluronate is the salt form of HA and is a water-soluble salt that holds 1000 times its weight in water,” Benjamin says. “Ingredients are in salt form because they are more stable and less likely to oxidize.”

Both hyaluronic acid and sodium hyaluronate are used in beauty products, and marketers refer to both as “hyaluronic acid”—but there are some key differences. Namely, sodium hyaluronate has a much smaller molecular size, which allows it to penetrate the skin better: “In skincare, there is a formula determining how well products penetrate the skin using the molecular weight,” Benjamin says. “The lower the weight, the more it can penetrate.”

You know serums that claim they are made with 75 percent or even 99 percent hyaluronic acid? Simply put, they’re not. “Sodium hyaluronate doesn’t come in pure form—it comes in solution form,” Benjamin explains. “It comes to be 1 percent to 2 percent of the solution, primarily composed of water.”

It gets better—Benjamin claims that if the solution has more than 4 percent sodium hyaluronate, it can dry out your skin. She illustrates this with an analogy: If you put too much salt on a sponge, the salt will pull water out of the sponge and dry it out. In the same way, since sodium hyaluronate is a salt rock, too much of it can draw moisture away from the skin, Benjamin claims. She says that 2 percent is the highest concentration of hyaluronic acid you can put in a solution without any drying effects.

As for those misleading percentages, Benjamin says there’s no way for anyone to know exactly how much hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate they’re really getting in a product without taking it to a lab. “If a product were actually made with 90 percent HA, it would be a salt rock,” she says. “It’s not truly 90 percent HA—it’s 90 percent of the total solution, which is primarily water.” She says the industry standard for hyaluronic acid is 1 percent and sometimes 2 percent for over-the-counter products. To have a HA concentration higher than that, you usually have to go to a dermatologist's office.

Side Effects of Hyaluronic Acid

Generally, there aren't any known side effects of hyaluronic acid—at least, the topical versions. But as King points out, hyaluronic acid is often used as a filler, which can come with side effects. "There may be swelling," she notes. But, since HA's so closely related to natural substances already in the body, most reactions are from the injection itself, not HA.

If you choose to ingest hyaluronic acid, it is proven to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and improve the overall plumpness of the skin. Plus, most people find that the supplement doesn't have side effects.

How to Use and Apply Hyaluronic Acid

• Topically: For hyaluronic acid to really penetrate the skin’s surface when applied topically, it has to be bioengineered to have a much lower molecular weight. Benjamin tells us that chemists can do so while still maintaining the original hydrating benefits. There are a slew of hyaluronic acid serums to choose from, as well as potent moisturizers.
• As a treatment: Shamban adds that in-office treatments can help hyaluronic acid penetrate more deeply into the skin. "When combined with a HydraFacial or SaltFacial, for example, a serum is infused into the skin for a better or more effective penetration of the smaller molecules than application to the top of the epidermis alone," she says.
• As a filler: For those looking to use hyaluronic acid as a filler, it's best to seek out a doctor's opinion first. Much like topical HA, injectable HA also mimics materials already present in our bodies. "Injecting an HA filler in a gel form through a syringe into the various areas of our face, eyes, or other areas is accepted and remains with the body and is used like our other cells as a 'partner' filling, volumizing that area," says Raymond Douglas, board-certified oculoplastic and reconstructive Beverly Hills surgeon and founder of the International Orbital Institute.